October 27. On this date 1981, the Universal House of Justice wrote Helen Hornby regarding surrogate mothers and artificial insemination, noting "Artificial insemination is, therefore, permissible to a Bahá'í wife provided her husband is the donor."

October 27. On this date 1981, the Universal House of Justice wrote Helen Hornby regarding surrogate mothers and artificial insemination, noting "Artificial insemination is, therefore, permissible to a Bahá'í wife provided her husband is the donor."

973. Surrogate Mothers and Artificial Insemination
"Regarding surrogate mothers and artificial insemination, you will find the following extracts from statements made by the Universal House of Justice relevant to your questions:
'The beloved Guardian, in a letter written on his behalf to an individual believer who enquired on the same subject, said "...there is nothing in our teachings about this, therefore there is no objection to having a baby by means of artificial insemination as long as your husband is the father of it.'
'Artificial insemination is, therefore, permissible to a Bahá'í wife provided her husband is the donor.'"
(From a letter dated 11 July 1978 written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice to an individual believer)
"Also, after quoting the above statement of the Guardian, the following comment was made in another letter:
'In view of this, the House of Justice has stated that it would not be proper for a Bahá'í to donate semen to a hospital for the artificial insemination of a woman other than his wife.'"
(From a letter dated 25 May 1979 written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice to the National Spiritual Assembly of Australia)
(From a letter written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice to the compiler of this compilation, October 27, 1981)

October 27. On this date in 1941, Farzam Arbab, a Universal House of Justice member from 1993 to 2013, was born in Tehran, Iran. Farzam Arbab is the brother-in-law of Gustavo Correa, who was a Universal House of Justice member from 2008 to 2018. Several of the Arbabs and Correas lead various Bahá’í-affiliated NGOs and organizations.

October 27. On this date in 1941, Farzam Arbab, a Universal House of Justice member from 1993 to 2013, was born in Tehran, Iran. Farzam Arbab is the brother-in-law of Gustavo Correa, who was a Universal House of Justice member from 2008 to 2018. Several of the Arbabs and Correas lead various Bahá’í-affiliated NGOs and organizations.

Born in Tehran, Iran on October 27, 1941, Farzam Arbab would go on to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree from Amherst College in 1964 and a Doctor of Philosophy in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1968. Shortly after earning his doctorate, Arbab moved to Colombia where he quickly established himself in the leadership in the Bahá’í community of that country and by 1970 was Chairman of the National Spiritual Assembly. While in Colombia he helped found Foundation for the Application and Teaching of the Sciences (FUNDAEC).

Initially elected in 1993 to the Universal House of Justice, the supreme governing body of the Bahá’í Faith, Farzam Arbab retired from that body in 2013. Before his election to the Universal House of Justice, in 1988, he was appointed to the International Teaching Centre. The International Teaching Centre, whose seat is at the Bahá'í World Centre in Haifa, Israel, is composed of nine Counsellors appointed by the Universal House of Justice and tasked with duties to stimulate and coordinate the Continental Board of Counselors and assist the Universal House of Justice in matters relating to the teaching and protection of the faith. All of the current members of the Universal House of Justice previously served as members of the International Teaching Centre. In 1980 he was appointed to the Continental Board of Counsellors for the Protection and Propagation of the Faith in the Americas, on which he served for eight years. From 1970 until 1980 he served as the Chairman for the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Colombia. In 1980, while still a Counsellor, Arbab was on the initial board of directors for the Anís Zunúzí Bahá'í School in Haiti.

Farzam Arbab's son, Paul Arbab, is administrator at the Luxembourg-based Unity Foundation, which works with Luxembourg's Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and "a network of local development agencies assisting them in their efforts to build capacity amongst populations to take charge of their own social and economic development." "Born in the US, Paul grew up in Colombia. He holds an MBA and joined the board of Unity Foundation in January 2007. Since then he has been able to provide valuable input to the strategic direction of the Foundation. He is a proud father of two toddlers and strongly believes in the power of education." Unity Foundation is "governed by a board of directors which regularly meets to consult on the strategic direction of the organization. The day-to-day work is being carried out by the office team. Our external consultancy body, the Office of Social and Economic Development (OSED) in Haifa, Israel connects us to grass-root development agencies which have the capacity to work with external funding organization. OSED and the [Luxembourg] Ministry of Foreign Affairs act as two filters ensuring the quality and integrity of our projects."

Farzam Arbab's sister, Haleh Arbab, is currently director of the Institute for Studies in Global Prosperity, a non-profit educational and research organization "dedicated to building capacity in individuals, groups and institutions to contribute to prevalent discourses concerned with the betterment of society" through "working in collaboration with the Bahá'í International Community." Born in Iran and educated in the United States, Haleh Arbab previously lived in Colombia from 1982 to 2005 where she worked with the Foundation for the Application and Teaching of the Sciences (FUNDAEC) and served as Rector of Centro Universitario de Bienestar Rural, a Colombian Bahá'í-inspired institute she helped found in 1988.

Farzam Arbab's brother-in-law, Haleh Arbab's husband, is Gustavo Correa who himself has been a member of the Universal House of Justice since 2008. Before his election to the Universal House of Justice, in 2005, Correa was appointed to the International Teaching Centre. Along with his brother-in-law, Farzam Arbab, Gustavo Correa was one of the founders of FUNDAEC and later served as its Director, the position currently held by his daughter, Bita Correa.

Farzam Arab's niece, Bita Correa, is a graduate of Bryn Mawr College. Aside from being FUNDAEC's current program director, Bita Correa participated as a member of the Bahá'í International Community’s delegation to the 55th United Nations Commission for Social Development. A recent graduate of Bryn Mawr College, Bita Correa is the daughter of Haleh Arbab, Farzam Arbab's sister, and Gustavo Correa.

Farzam Arbab was one of the founders of FUNDAEC (Foundation for the Application and Teaching of the Sciences). He served as its Director from 1974 through 1988 and continues to serve on its board. FUNDAEC was established in 1974 by a group of professors at the University of Valle in Colombia who were looking for new strategies to develop the capacities of people and to generate knowledge in isolated regions of the country. In 2002, the Club of Budapest recognized FUNDAEC's new rural education model. The model, known as SAT (for "Sistema de Aprendizaje Tutorial, Spanish for "System for Tutorial Learning") started in 1980 and centers on the use of interactive workbooks facilitated by a tutor. In Colombia, these tutors are trained at the Center for Rural Education.

The SAT techniques Arbab helped develop at FUNDAEC have been applied to the Bahá'í community in the form of the Ruhi Institute, which was named after Arbab's father. Centered on Bahá'í study circles, the goal of the Ruhi Institute courses is to "evoke a transformative learning experience through a learner-centered, experiential, and collaborative approach facilitated by a tutor rather than an instructor, a teacher, or an expert." Among the principles of the Ruhi curriculum is the utilization of service projects to implement learning into tangible action.

The Universal House of Justice has encouraged the emulation of the Ruhi model throughout the global Bahá'í community. According to one researcher, the Ruhi Institute's method has resulted in "nonhierarchical, self-initiated, self-organized small groups engaged in study, teaching, and action" and is "becoming the core of Bahá’í community life worldwide as the outcome of a process that has sought to nurture the spiritual life of individuals and families and to establish social foundations for the vision and practice of religious world citizenship." Paul Lample, another member of the Universal Hose of Justice, has stated "Doubtless the institute and its curriculum will continue to evolve, both in content and form, to a level of greater complexity in regions and nations within the framework of the administrative order throughout the various stages of the Divine Plan in the second century of the Formative Age."

For a number of years now, Unity Foundation has collaborated with FUNDAEC and "since June 2013, Unity Foundation has renewed its collaboration with FUNDAEC."

October 27. On this date in 1924, Firuz Kazemzadeh, who served on the NSA of the US from 1963 to 2000, was born in Moscow, USSR, to a Russian mother and Iranian father employed at the Iranian embassy in Moscow. Kazemzadeh retired as professor emeritus of history at Yale University.

October 27. On this date in 1924, Firuz Kazemzadeh, who served on the NSA of the US from 1963 to 2000, was born in Moscow, USSR, to a Russian mother and Iranian father employed at the Iranian embassy in Moscow. Kazemzadeh retired as professor emeritus of history at Yale University.

Firuz Kazemzadeh was born in Moscow on October 27, 1924, to an Iranian father and a Russian mother. His father served in the Iranian embassy in Moscow. After completing his primary and secondary education in Moscow, Kazemzadeh (then aged 16) and his family moved to Iran. In 1944, during World War II, he travelled from Tehran to the United States and entered Stanford University, graduating in 1946 and obtaining an MA in 1947. In 1950 Kazemzadeh received a Ph.D. in Russian history from Harvard University.

Kazemzadeh taught at Harvard from 1954 to 1956, then moved to Yale where he was professor of history until his retirement as professor emeritus in 1992. While at Yale, he also served as Master of Davenport College. He was the author and co-author of a number of books on the history of Russia and Iran, as well as numerous articles and reviews for authoritative scholarly publications.

Between May 15, 1998 and May 14, 2003, Kazemzadeh served as a Commissioner on the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, first appointed to this position in 1998 by President Bill Clinton, and in 2001, reappointed by US Senate Majority Leader Thomas Daschle.

Kazemzadeh was an adherent of the Bahá'í Faith and, from 1963 to 2000, served as a member of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States.

Firuz Kazemzadeh died, aged 92, on May 17, 2017.

October 27. On this date in 2015, the Universal House of Justice sent a letter announcing the appointment of "the members of the Continental Boards of Counsellors for the Protection and Propagation of the Faith," noting "The series of Plans that have been launched since 1996 have focused the Bahá’í world on a single aim—advancing the process of entry by troops."

October 27. On this date in 2015, the Universal House of Justice sent a letter announcing the appointment of "the members of the Continental Boards of Counsellors for the Protection and Propagation of the Faith," noting "The series of Plans that have been launched since 1996 have focused the Bahá’í world on a single aim—advancing the process of entry by troops."

October 27. On this date in 2009, John Paul Vader, a member of the NSA of Switzerland and Professor of Social and Preventive Medicine at the University of Lausanne Medical School, gave a talk titled "Some Aspects of the History of the Bahá'í Faith in Switzerland" at the The Ezri Center for Iran & Persian Gulf Studies at the University of Haifa.

October 27. On this date in 2009, John Paul Vader, a member of the NSA of Switzerland and Professor of Social and Preventive Medicine at the University of Lausanne Medical School, gave a talk titled "Some Aspects of the History of the Bahá'í Faith in Switzerland" at the The Ezri Center for Iran & Persian Gulf Studies at the University of Haifa.

October 27. On this date in 1948, Shoghi Effendi cabled British Bahá'ís "DR. YUNIS AFRUKHTEH STAUNCH DISTINGUISHED SERVANT FAITH PROCEEDING ENGLAND MEDICAL TREATMENT EXTEND ASSISTANCE ADVISED HIM HELP TEACHING WORK BRITAIN."

The man standing on the far left is Dr. Youness Afroukhteh. The man with the white beard standing next to him is Zaynu’l-Muqarrabin (See The Most Holy Book, p. 9). Standing center is Mirza Badi’u’llah, holding the photograph of 'Abdu’l-Bahá. In the back, between Badi’u’llah and Zaynu’l-Muqarrabin is Munir Zayn, the second son of Zaynu’l Muqarrabin. Seated on the far left is Mirza Hadi Afnan, the father of Shoghi Effendi, who was also a Covenant-breaker. The man with his right hand on the table and his left hand in the shoulder of a little boy is Mirza Muhsin, another son-in-law of 'Abdu’l-Bahá and Covenant-breaker; and that little boy is Shoghi Effendi. It was, perhaps, not long after this that ‘Abdu’l-Bahá wrote the first part of His Will, designating Shoghi Effendi as Guardian of the Cause and sacred head of the Universal House of Justice. This photograph was taken prior to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá's writing of the First Part of His Will, because in it he recounts Mirza Badiu’llah’s brief repentance and return to Covenant-breaking.


October 27. On this date in 1948, Shoghi Effendi cabled British Bahá'ís "DR. YUNIS AFRUKHTEH STAUNCH DISTINGUISHED SERVANT FAITH PROCEEDING ENGLAND MEDICAL TREATMENT EXTEND ASSISTANCE ADVISED HIM HELP TEACHING WORK BRITAIN."

​Dr. Yúnis Afrukhtih, who served as ‘Abdu’l-Bahá's secretary and interpreter from 1900 to 1909, authored Khatirát-i-Nuh-Saliy-i-‘Akká which was translated into English as Memories of Nine Years in Akka by Riaz Masrour. The book includes an extensive discussion of the history of Covenant-breaking.

27 October 1948
DR. YUNIS AFRUKHTEH STAUNCH DISTINGUISHED SERVANT FAITH PROCEEDING ENGLAND MEDICAL TREATMENT EXTEND ASSISTANCE ADVISED HIM HELP TEACHING WORK BRITAIN.
SHOGHI RABBANI

October 27. On this date in 1986, the Universal House of Justice addressed a letter to an individual believer who raised "two basic issues, that all the Manifestations of God known to us have been men, and that they have appeared in the East" and expressed a "desire to assist [his] daughters to overcome their perceptions of the unequal status of women." The Universal House of Justice states that "it is an incontrovertible fact that all Manifestations of God known to us have been men. Moreover, it is a clear provision in Bahá’í administration that the Guardians were to be men and that membership on the Universal House of Justice is confined to men."

October 27. On this date in 1986, the Universal House of Justice addressed a letter to an individual believer who raised "two basic issues, that all the Manifestations of God known to us have been men, and that they have appeared in the East" and expressed a "desire to assist [his] daughters to overcome their perceptions of the unequal status of women." The Universal House of Justice states that "it is an incontrovertible fact that all Manifestations of God known to us have been men. Moreover, it is a clear provision in Bahá’í administration that the Guardians were to be men and that membership on the Universal House of Justice is confined to men."